Reply to WB Grant

Authors' reply to Grant and Garland and to Bolland and colleagues.

We agree with Grant and Garland that, although existing ecological studies support the findings of our meta-analysis of observational studies, further work—especially that involving well powered randomised intervention studies—is needed. 2 However, the respective pooled risk ratios that we reported by combining the primary and secondary prevention cohorts are based on indirect comparisons (only...

Phonological typicality influences sentence processing in predictive contexts: reply to Staub, Grant, Clifton, and Rayner (2009).

In 2 separate self-paced reading experiments, Farmer, Christiansen, and Monaghan (2006) found that the degree to which a word's phonology is typical of other words in its lexical category influences online processing of nouns and verbs in predictive contexts. Staub, Grant, Clifton, and Rayner (2009) failed to find an effect of phonological typicality when they combined stimuli from the separate...

Reply to W.B. Grant ‘Re: Vitamin D deficiency among northern Native Peoples’

Dr. Grant seems to assume that all humans share the same vitamin D metabolism, an assumption that is doubtful even on theoretical grounds (1). We know that natural selection can alter the way the human body synthesises, transports and uses this vitamin. We also know that the relevant selection pressures (from solar UV and skin color) vary from one human population to the next. So it is not nece...

The Authors’ Reply

Observations 1) the Wb Is

15] W. Hackbush; On the computation of approximate eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of elliptic operators by means of a multi-grid method; SIAM J. 17 12) Divergence can be treated using diierent relaxations, e.g., which amplify most speci-ed components. 13) The computation of W and the optimization of the algorithm using W can be eeciently performed on coarse levels. The computation of W on ne le...